Free Command

Display free memory size in MB:
$ free -m

Output:

total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:              1975       1555        419          0         62        861
-/+ buffers/cache:        632       1343
Swap:               0              0            0

Displays a line containing the totals memory in MB:

$ free -t -m

Output:

total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:                 1975       1535        439          0         62        855
-/+ buffers/cache:        617       1357
Swap:                      0          0          0
Total:                  1975       1535        439

The vmstat command reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu activity.

vmstat Command

Type vmstat command at shell prompt:

$ vmstat
Output:

procs ———–memory———- —swap– —–io—- -system– —-cpu—-
r  b      swpd   free         buff        cache        si   so    bi    bo   in   cs     us sy  id  wa
1  1      0          446524  63732    876068    0    0    21    28  955  465 17  4  78  1

top command

Type top command at the shell prompt:
$ top

Sample outputs:
Fig.01: top command displaying used memory

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Of course with a variety of tips and trick you can try.

Disable unneeded services

The following services can be set to manual:

- Application Experience
- Computer Browser (If you do not work in the network)
- Desktop Window Manager Session Manager (If you do not want the Aero Effect)
- Diagnostic Policy Service
- Distributed Link Tracking Client
- IP Helper
- Offline Files
- Portable Device Enumerator Service
- Print Spooler (If you do not have a printer)
- Protected Storage
- Tipsntrick.net Remote Registry (Disable to improve security)
- Secondary Logon
- Security Center
- Server (If you do not run a computer network)
- Tablet PC Input Service
- TCP / IP NetBIOS Helper
- Themes (If you use the Classic Theme)
- Windows Error Reporting Service
- Windows Media Center Service Launcher
- Windows Search (If you rarely use Fasilitan Search)
- Windows Time (If you do not want the clock on the computer are updated automatically via the internet)

Disabling AUTO UPDATE
If your hard drive partitioned into several drives, then try each drive is not full, a minimum of 2-5 giga empty
Adding Virtual Memory
Always at least 1 hard disk defrag routine once, if the use of routine
Clean up temporary files
Install the application only as needed
Avoid visual effects on the look of Windows 7 you
Configuring the Core Processors, do Start> msconfig, select the Boot tab> Advanced Options and enter 2, 4, or 8

If you feel your computer is heavy and very slow, you can restart to restore conditions to normal.

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And possible steps you can do is:

* To remove a package (Application) with all configuration files, you just have to open the command console
* Type:

sudo apt-get –purge remove [package name]

* To remove the package only type:

sudo apt-get remove [package name]

* To get a list of all installed packages type this:

dpkg –list
dpkg –list | less
dpkg –list | grep -i ‘http’

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Here are some things that might be a consideration for us all when creating a password, so as not to leak or be known by others. So the things we do not want is not going to happen.

* Not Using Default Password
The default password is the password that we can be the first time. This default password should be quickly replaced because of very vulnerable. The reason, the default password can be easily searched on google search, even there are listed the name of a machine, type and default password with a magnificent plastered on some website creators vendors.

Sometimes administrators fear of forgetting to change-change the default password, so that an intruder can take over the system with default passwords.

* Password Hint Not To Wear
Sometimes we are afraid to forget the password that was our entry into the system / account, so we need to create a reminder if we forget the password. Now this is called password reminder Hint, if we create a password hint question with this then we can quickly recall these forgotten passwords.

Likewise with the hackers, they’ll experiment with us to guess the password in the password hint questions, over time the password will be predictable, if the questions listed in the password hint can be answered by the penebak password.

* Not Writing Password
Owners are often afraid to forget your password with the password has been entered, so the owner would write different passwords user id and password into other media such as a notebook, notepad, Stickies (mac), password folders, books, mobile phones and other.

It is also quite vulnerable to leaking. Why vulnerable? Because if the various equipment is lost, then all information about a user id and password are sooner or later will be known by the thief equipments / gadgets are missing.

* Using a Strong Password
Owner passwords often using a short password only, if it could be shorter than 3 characters then the user will give a short password. Fortunately this time the system provides a minimum password length of 6 characters and a maximum of 254 characters. The longer a password the stronger it will be the password security.

Strong passwords can be created with a combination of numbers and letters and even a variety of other characters. Some admins are currently using a password that is long enough, coupled with encryption such as PGP key and others, so it is quite difficult to guess password.

* Change Passwords Regularly
Owners should periodically change your password for authentication password, the more frequent password changes, the better, because the more difficult the penebak password hacking account / your system. Changes to the password depends on the owner, could be a week, a month, three months, and others. Originally the owner does not forget the password that was changed earlier.

* Not To Wear The Same Password on Multiple Accounts
Owners often forget and sometimes passwords frequently enough to create an account, so they each create a new account using the same user id and password are the same, this is very vulnerable and dangerous. Because these passwords through a single account, all accounts will be taken by the hacker.

* Using Password Management
To help recall the various passwords and various accounts, we are often very difficult, but not to worry because it has many current applications to help organize our passwords. This application can be downloaded for free from the internet and paid, so that regardless of our account and whatever we can with the password easy to remember and re-opened, of course, to open it with an encryption method as well.

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The first step we need to do is create a Live CD or Live USB stick with Ubuntu Linux OS. OS Ubuntu Live will be used to boot into the system and take that next step that we needed to dismantle the Windows password earlier.

The easiest way to do that is by downloading and running UNetbootin. This simple application will download the selected Ubuntu version and install on the flash that you prepared.The next step is to install Open Source utility called “chntpw”. This can be done from Ubuntu by running Synaptic Package Manager.

To be able to get chntpw, Synaptic Package Manager should be directed to look at storage applications Universe. This can be done by clicking the Settings menu> Repositories in Synaptic window. Then, check the option ‘Community-maintained Open Source software (universe) “and click Close.

After that, click the Reload button and Synaptic will download the latest package information from the Universe. When finished, type chntpw on the Quick Search box.

If it appears, check the box on the side chnptw writing, choose ‘Mark for Installation’. Then click Apply to install it.

The next step is to change the Windows password with chntpw.

• Mount the hard disk / drive that contains your Windows installation
• Open the hard drive it (click on Places) and record labels drive that appears on the menu bar window file browser
• Open a Terminal window (Applications> Accessories> Terminal)
• Type the following command in Terminal:
• cd / media
• ls
• Type: cd [label hard drive that you noted earlier]
• type: cd WINDOWS/system32/config
• To change the Administrator password, type the command: sudo chntpw SAM
• You will see several commands that you can choose, the command is safest to create a password to be blank. Do this by pressing the number ’1 ‘, then press’ y’ to confirm
• Select ’2 ‘to change the password to a particular word, but this has a greater risk of error
• To change the passwords of other users (non-administrator), type the following command (from Terminal): sudo chntpw-u [user name] SAM

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Changing the login screen

1. Move your favorite login wallpaper to your Home folder. Make sure that it is of .JPG format.

2. Move the wallpaper to the system wallpaper directory. In the terminal:

sudo mv ~/your-wallpaper-name.jpg /usr/share/backgrounds

3. Activate the Appearance window upon login

sudo cp /usr/share/applications/gnome-appearance-properties.desktop /usr/share/

Close the terminal. Log out of your current session. At the login screen, the Appearance window will show up. Go to the background tab and select your favorite wallpaper as the background. (If you can’t find your favorite wallpaper, click Add. You should be able to find your wallpaper in the /usr/share/backgrounds directory).

5. Your login background will instantly change to the wallpaper you have selected. Now login to your desktop.

6. Open a terminal. Type the following command to deactivate the Appearance window upon login.

sudo unlink /usr/share/gdm/autostart/LoginWindow/gnome-appearance-properties.desktop

Changing the boot screen

The plymouth theme uses a theme framework to display the background and animation, so you won’t be able to take a simple wallpaper and put it on the boot screen. The Ubuntu repository comes with several plymouth themes that you can install in your system.

sudo apt-get install plymouth-theme-*

This will install all the plymouth themes in the repository.

Next, select the theme that you want to display:

sudo update-alternatives –config default.plymouth

you will see a list of the theme for you to choose. Type in the number of the theme you want and press Enter.

Update: According to Pvalley67, you have to run the following command to update the system. I have got it working without having to run the command, but you can do it if you are not seeing the new splash screen.

sudo update-initramfs -u

Restart your computer. You should see your new boot screen in action.

Source : maketecheasier.com/change-login-and-boot-screen-in-ubuntu-lucid/2010/05/13

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